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Abandoned Shipwrecks Act (ASA)

The Cases*

Case Name Citation Link to Full Text (.pdf) Case Summary
Adams v. Unione Mediterranea Di Sicurta 220 F.3d 659 (5th Cir. 2000)    
California v. Deep Sea Research, Inc. 523 U.S. 491 (1998)    
Columbus-American Discovery Group v. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. 203 F.3d 291 (4th Cir. 2000)    
Commonwealth v. Maritime Underwater Surveys, Inc. 531 N.E.2d 549 (Mass. 1988)    
Deep Sea Research v. Brother Jonathan 883 F.Supp. 1343 (9th Cir. 1995)    
Deep Sea Research v. Brother Jonathan 89 F.3d 680 (9th Cir. 1996)    
Deep Sea Research v. Brother Jonathan 102 F.3d 379 (9th Cir. 1996)    
Dluhos v. Floating and Abandoned Vessel Known as New York 979 F.Supp. 138 (N.D.N.Y. 1997)    
Ehorn v. Abandoned Shipwreck Known as Rosinco, Her Tackle, Appurtenances, Furnishings, and Cargo 185 F.Supp.2d 965 (E.D. Wis. 2001)    
Ehorn v. Sunken Vessel Known as "Rosinco" 294 F.3d 856 (7th Cir. 2002)    
Fairport International Exploration, Inc. v. Shipwrecked Vessel 913 F.Supp. 552 (W.D. Mich. 1995)    
Fairport International Exploration, Inc. v. Shipwrecked Vessel Known as The Captain Lawrence 105 F.3d 1078 (6th Cir. 1997)    
Fairport International Exploration, Inc. v. Shipwrecked Vessel, Captain Lawrence 177 F.3d 491 (6th Cir. 1999)    
Fairport International Exploration, Inc. v. Shipwrecked Vessel 72 F.Supp.2d 795 (W.D. Mich. 1999)    
Fairport International Exploration, Inc. v. The Captain Lawrence 245 F.3d 857 (6th Cir. 2001)    
International Aircraft Recovery, L.L.C. v. Unidentified, Wrecked and Abandoned Aircraft 218 F.3d 1255 (11th Cir. 2000)    
Jupiter Wreck, Inc. v. Unidentified, Wrecked and Abandoned Sailing Vessel 691 F.Supp. 1377 (S.D. Fla. 1988)    
Lathrop v. Unidentified, Wrecked, and Abandoned Vessel 817 F.Supp. 953 (M.D. Fla. 1993)    
Marx v. Government of Guam 866 F.2d 294 (9th Cir. 1989)    
People ex rel. Illinois Historic Preservation Agency v. Zych 687 N.E.2d 141 (Ill.App. 1 Dist. 1997)    
People ex rel. Illinois Historic Preservation Agency v. Zych 186 N.E.2d 820 (Ill. 1999)    
Sea Hunt, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel or Vessels 22 F.Supp.2d 521 (E.D. Va. 1998)    
Sea Hunt, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel or Vessels 47 F.Supp.2d 678 (E.D. Va. 1999)    
Sea Hunt, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel or Vessels 191 F.R.D. 508 (E.D. Va. 1999)    
Sea Hunt, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel or Vessels 221 F.3d 634 (4th Cir. 2000)    
Sindia Expedition, Inc. v. Wrecked and Abandoned Vessel, Known as The Sindia 710 F.Supp. 1020 (D.N.J. 1989)    
Sindia Expedition, Inc. v. Wrecked and Abandoned Vessel, Known as The Sindia 895 F.2d 116 (3rd Cir. 1990)    
Sunken Treasure, Inc. v. Unidentified, Wrecked and Abandoned Vessel 857 F.Supp. 1129 (D.Virgin Islands 1994)    
Trueman v. Historic Steamtug New York 120 F.Supp.2d 228 (N.D.N.Y. 2000)    
United States v. Steinmetz 763 F.Supp. 1293 (D.N.J. 1991)    
Yukon Recovery, L.L.C. v. Certain Abandoned Property 205 F.3d 1189 (9th Cir. 2000)    
Zych v. Unidentified Wrecked Vessel Believed to Be SB Lady Elgin 746 F.Supp. 1334 (N.D. Ill. 1990)    
Zych v. Unidentified Wrecked Vessel Believed to Be SB Lady Elgin 755 F.Supp. 213 (N.D. Ill. 1990)    
Zych v. Unidentified Wrecked and Abandoned Vessel, Believed to Be the Seabird 941 F.2d 525 (7th Cir. 1991)    
Zych v. Unidentified Wrecked Vessel Believed to Be The Lady Elgin 960 F.2d 665 (7th Cir. 1992)    
Zych v. Unidentified Wrecked and Abandoned Vessel, Believed to Be SB Seabird 811 F.Supp. 1300 (N.D. Ill. 1992)    
Zych v. Unidentified Wrecked and Abandoned Vessel, Believed to Be the Seabird 19 F.3d 1136 (7th Cir. 1994)    

*Case citations are all that is available at present.  Check with your local law or government documents librarian for assistance in locating the original sources.   As time permits, full text and summary versions of the cases will be added to this site.

Secondary Sources

Books

Author Title Other Information
     

  Journal Articles

Author Title Journal Pages Other Information
Arnold, J.Barto United States Federal Level Historic Shipwreck Legislation: Development and Status International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 3-5 Vol.16(1) (1987)
Arnold, J. Barto, L. Landry, G. Roseberry, Preliminary Mapping of the Caney Creek Wreck: A Model of Appropriate Private-Sector Access to An Historic Shipwreck International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 109-113 Vol.23(2) (1994)
Bass, George F. History Beneath the Sea: The Birth of Nautical Archaeology Archaeology 48-53, 94 Vol.51(6) (1998)
Baumgartner, Mark R. Federal Jurisdiction Over State Claims to Shipwrecks: Should the Eleventh Amendment Go Down with the Ship? William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal 469- Vol.8 (2000)
Becker, Mary Ann Regulating the Business of Culture: The Abandoned Shipwreck Act: Can Preservationists, Salvors, and Divers Sail in Calmer Waters? DePaul Law Review 569- Vol.51 (2001)
Bederman, David J. Admiralty and the Eleventh Amendment Notre Dame Law Review 935- Vol.72 (1997)
Bederman, David J. Historic Salvage and the Law of the Sea University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 99- Vol.30 (1998)
Bederman, David J. Maritime Preservation Law: Old Challenges, New Trends Widener Law Symposium 163- Vol.8 (2002)
Berean, Kevin Sea Hunt, Inc. v. The Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel or Vessels: How the Fourth Circuit Rocked the Boat Brooklyn Law Review 1249- Vol.67 (2002)
Booth, Forrest Who Owns Sunken Treasure? The Supreme Court, The Abandoned Shipwreck Act and The Brother Jonathan University of San Francisco Maritime Law Journal 77- Vol.11 (1998-1999)
Boyer, Matthew T. Is the Titanic Resting in the Right Hands? A Discussion of R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. in Federal District Court and the Fourth Circuit Widener Journal of Public Law 379- Vol.9 (2000)
Bradley, Jr., Lawrence D. Treasure Trove Law GP Solo 32- Vol.17(6) (2000)
Braunstein, Sherri J. Shipwrecks Lost and Found at Sea: The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 is Still Causing Confusion and Conflict Rather Than Preserving Historic Shipwrecks Widener Law Symposium 301- Vol.8 (2002)
Bryant, Christopher R. The Archaeological Duty of Care: The Legal, Professional, and Cultural Struggle Over Salvaging Historic Shipwrecks Albany Law Review 97- Vol.65 (2001)
Cabantous, A. A Deeply Rooted Tradition: The Pillaging of Shipwrecks Historia 95- Vol.545 (1992)
Cohen, Douglas S. Should Noli Forfendi Apply to Sunken Ships? Boston University Law Review 193- Vol.73 (1993)
Cohn, A.B. A Perspective on the Future of Underwater Archaeology (Reply to James P. Delgado) Historical Archaeology 9-13 Vol.34(4) (2000)
Collins, S.E. Managing Historic Shipwrecks in the United States Coastal Management 309-332 Vol.17(4) (1989)
Croome, A. The United States' Abandoned Shipwreck Act Goes Into Action: A Report International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 39-53 Vol.21(1) (1992)
Cuthill, M. Managing the Yongala Historic Shipwreck Coastal Management 33-46 Vol.26(1) (1998)
Daly, Michael J. Has the Antiquities Act Gone Down With the Ship? A Preemption Analysis of Rhode Island's Shipwreck Laws Roger Williams University Law Review 539- Vol.6 (2001)
Delgado, James P. Underwater Archaeology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century Historical Archaeology 9-13 Vol.34(4) (2000)
Dunbar, James S. The Types and Potentials of Underwater Archaeological Resources in Florida: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Underwater Archaeology But Were Afraid to Ask The Florida Anthropologist 435-441 Vol.41 (1988)
Feingold, Denise B. The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987: Navigating Turbulant Constitutional Waters? University of Bridgport Law Review 361- Vol.10 (1990)
Flecker, M. The Ethics, Politics, and Realities of Maratime Archaeology in Southeast Asia International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 12-24 Vol.31(1) (2002)
Forrest, Craig J.S. Has the Application of Salvage Law to Underwater Cultural Heritage Become a Thing of the Past? Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 309- Vol.34 (2003)
Gaskell, Nicholas J.J. The 1989 Salvage Convention and The Lloyd's Open Forum (LOF) Salvage Agreement 1990 Tulane Maritime Law Journal 1- Vol.16 (1991)
Gasser, Kristi Making Sense of the Muddle: Deep Sea Research Takes on the Abandoned Shipwreck Act and the Eleventh Amendment in California v. Deep Sea Research, Inc. Tulane Maritime Law Journal 567- Vol.23 (1999)
Gerstenblith, Patty Identity and Cultural Property: The Protection of Cultural Property in the United States Boston University Law Review 559- Vol.73 (1995)
Gibbins, David What Shipwrecks Can Tell Us Antiquity 408-411 Vol.69(263) (1995)
Giesecke, Anne G. The Abandoned Shipwreck Bill: Protecting Our Threatened Cultural Heritage Archaeology 50- Vol.40(4) (1987)
Giesecke, Anne G. The Abandoned Shipwreck Act Through the Eyes of Its Drafter Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 167- Vol.30 (1999)
Goodheart, A. Into the Depths of History: With Robots Exploring the Bounty of Shipwrecks on the Ocean Floor, We're Faced with the Issue of Whether to Take It or Leave It Preservation 36-45 Vol.51(1) (1999)
Green, J. Historic Shipwrecks: Discovered, Protected and Investigated International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 265-267 Vol.27(3) (1998)
Harris, Jason R. The Protection of Sunken Warships as Gravesites at Sea Ocean and Coastal Law Journal 75- Vol.7 (2001)
Harris, M. June Who Owns the Pot at the End of the Rainbow? A Review of the Impact of Cultural Property on Finders and Salvage Laws Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 223- Vol.14 (1997)
Hawkins, Ashton, David Korzenik, and David Rudenstine Who Is Entitled to Own the Past? Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal 243- Vol.19 (2001)
Herscher, E. Hearings Held on Historic Shipwreck Legislation Journal of Field Archaeology 79-98 Vol.11(1) (1984)
Hess, Peter E. Battles Over Historic Shipwrecks, or Who Owns the Civil War? Delaware Lawyer 8- Vol.11 (Spring) (1993)
Hess, Peter E. Deep Shipwreck In High Courts Delaware Lawyer 16- Vol.17 (Spring) (1999)
Horne, W. Disturbing the Shipwreck Act?  Supreme Court Sends Claims on Abandoned Sites to Forum Considered Unsympathetic Preservation 18-19 Vol.50(4) (1998)
Horrell, Drew F.T. Telepossession is Nine-Tenths of the Law: The Emerging Industry of Deep Ocean Discovery Pace Yearbook of International Law 309- Vol.3 (1991)
Johnston, P.F. Treasure Salvage, Archaeological Ethics, and Maratime Museums International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 53-60 Vol.22(1) (1993)
Jones, John Paul The United States Supreme Court and Treasure Salvage: Issues Remaining After Brother Jonathan Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 205- Vol.30 (1999)
Jones, T.N. The Investigation and Excavation of a Deepwater Shipwreck in the Gulf of Mexico Maritime Technology Society Journal 51-54 Vol.36(3) (2002)
Kahn, Lawrence J. Sunken Treasures: Conflicts Between Historic Preservation Law and the Maritime Law of Finds Tulane Environmental Law Journal 595- Vol.7 (1994)
Kang, Clarissa A. Charting Through Protection for Historic Shipwrecks Found in U.S. Territorial Waters: Sea Hunt, Inc. v. Unidentified, Shipwrecked Vessel or Vessels Virginia Environmental Law Journal 87- Vol.19 (2000)
Kaoru, Y. and P. Hoagland The Value of Historic Shipwrecks: Conflicts and Management Coastal Management 195-213 Vol.22(2) (1994)
Keller, Paul N. Salvor-Sovereign Relations: How the State of Illinois Destroyed the Lady Elgin Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 245- Vol.30 (1999)
Lorello, Jr., D. David The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987: Navigating Through the Fog Gonzaga Law Review 75- Vol.35 (1999/2000)
Martin, J.C. Salvor Ethics: Museums and Standards for Dealing with Underwater Cultural Resources, Including Shipwrecks Museum News 7 Vol.76(4) (1997)
Mather, R. Technology and the Search for Shipwrecks Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 175-184 Vol.30(2) (1999)
McLaughlin, Sabrina L. Roots, Relics and Recovery: What Went Wrong With the Abandoned Shipwreck Act Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts 149- Vol.19 (1995)
McLean, Craig N. Law of Salvage Reclaimed: Columbus-America Discovery v. Atlantic Mutual Bridgport Law Review 477- Vol.13 (1993)
McQuown, Terence P. An Archaeological Argument for the Inapplicability of Admiralty Law in the Disposition of Historic Shipwrecks William Mitchell Law Review 289- Vol.26 (2000)
Meazell, Christopher L. Being and Embeddedness: The Abandoned Shipwreck Act's Historical Proxy is All At Sea Georgia Law Review 1743- Vol.34 (2000)
Miller, Robert Charting the Future of Historic Shipwreck Legislation in California: Application of an English Model in the Salvage of the Brother Jonathan Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 793- Vol.17 (1994)
Muncher, D.A. The Conservation of WLF-HA-1: The Whydah Shipwreck Site International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 335-349 Vol.20(4) (1991)
Murphy, Sean D. Ownership of Sunken Warships American Journal of International Law 678- Vol.94 (2000)
Nafzinger, James A.R. The Underlying Constitutionalism of the Law Governing Archaeological and Other Cultural Heritage Willamette Law Review 581- Vol.30 (1994)
Nafzinger, James A.R. The Titanic Revisited Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 311- Vol.30 (1999)
Nafzinger, James A.R. Historic Salvage Law Revisited Ocean Development and International Law 81-96 Vol.31(1-2) (2000)
Nafzinger, James A.R. The Evolving Role of Admiralty Courts in Litigation Related to Historic Wreck Harvard International Law Journal 251- Vol.44 (2003)
Neil, Paul California v. Deep Sea Research: Leashing in the Eleventh Amendment to Keep Sinking Shipwreck Claims Afloat Pepperdine Law Review 657- Vol.27 (2000)
O'Shea, Deirdre The Evolution of Maritime Historic Preservation Jurisprudence Widener Law Symposium 417- Vol.8 (2002)
Owen, D.R. The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 - Goodbye to Salvage in the Territorial Sea Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 499-516 Vol.19(4) (1988)
Pallas, William J. The Doctrine of State Succession and the Law of Historic Shipwrecks, the Bell of the Alabama: United States v. Steinmetz Tulane Maritime Law Journal 343- Vol.17 (1993)
Paull, IV, James Salvaging Sunken Shipwrecks: Whose Treasure is It? A Look at the Competing Interests for Florida's Underwater Riches Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law 347- Vol.9 (1994)
Peltz, Robert D. Salvaging Historic Wrecks Tulane Maritime Law Journal 1- Vol.25 (2000)
Pendleton, E. Trouble Down Below: Protection of Historic Shipwreck Sites Historic Preservation 44-51 Vol.37(2) (1985)
Phelan, Marilyn A Synopsis of the Laws Protecting Our Cultural Heritage New England Law Review 63- Vol.28 (1993)
Pournou, A., A.M. Jones, and S.T. Moss Biodeterioration Dynamics of Marine Wreck Sites Determine the Need for Their In-Situ Protection International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 299-305 Vol.30(2) (2001)
Poltrack, Sean Sea Hunt, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel or Vessels: The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit Interprets the Standard for Abandonment Under the Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 University of Baltimore Journal of Environmental Law 170- Vol.7 (2000)
Robol, Richard T. Legal Protection for Underwater Cultural Resources: Can We Do Better? Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 303- Vol.30 (1999)
Romny, K.M. Spain's Day in Court: Salvage Law and Archaeological Shipwrecks Archaeology 18 Vol.52(6) (1999)
Sclafani, Kyle S. Sea Hunt, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessels: Defining a Standard of "Abandonment" for the Shipwreck of a Sovereign Tulane Maritime Law Journal 559- Vol.25 (2001)
Scrimo, Jeffrey T. Raising the Dead: Improving the Recovery and Management of Historic Shipwrecks Ocean and Coastal Law Journal 271- Vol.5 (2000)
Seidemann, Ryan M. Protection of Shipwrecks in Louisiana and Federal Waters Louisiana Coastal Law 1-2 Vol.81 (2002)
Stern, Justin S. Smart Salvage: Extending Traditional Maritime Law to Include Intellectual Property Rights in Historic Shipwrecks Fordham Law Review 2489- Vol.68 (2000)
Stevens, Timothy T. The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987: Finding the Proper Ballast for the States Villanova Law Review 573- Vol.37 (1992)
Sweeney, Joseph C. An Overview of Commercial Salvage Principles in the Context of Marine Archaeology Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 185- Vol.30 (1999)
Tetley, William Special Legislative Rights and Wreck Removal Louisiana Law Review 861- Vol.55 (1995)
Thompson, Mark Finders Weepers Losers Keepers: United States of American v. Steinmetz, The Doctrine of State Succession, Maritime Finds, and the Bell of the C.S.S. Alabama Connecticut Law Review 479- Vol.28 (1996)
Tomlinson, Peter "Full Fathom Five": Legal Hurdles to Treasure Emory Law Journal 1099- Vol.42 (1993)
Tompa, Peter K. Ancient Coins as Cultural Property: A Cause for Concern? Journal of International Legal Studies 69- Vol.4 (1998)
Trupp, P. Ancient Shipwrecks Yield Both Prizes and Bitter Conflict: Underwater Archaeology Versus Treasure Hunting Smithsonian 78- Vol.14(7) (1983)
Varmer, Ole The Case Against The "Salvage" of the Cultural Heritage Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 279- Vol.30 (1999)
Walker, Jerry E. A Contemporary Standard for Determining Title to Sunken Warships: A Tale of Two Vessels and Two Nations University of San Francisco Maritime Law Journal 311- Vol.12 (1999-2000)
Whipple, Carlyle H. and Laura N. Whipple Wisconsin Shipwrecks: Finders Keepers? Wisconsin Lawyer 18- Vol.74(Sept.) (2001)
Wilder, Mark A. Application of Salvage and the Law of Finds to Sunken Shipwreck Discoveries Defense Counsel Journal 92- Vol.67 (2000)
Yeates, Jeffrey W. Clearing Up the Confusion: A Strict Standard of Abandonment for Sunken Public Vessels University of San Francisco Maritime Law Journal 359- Vol.12 (1999-2000)

Non ASA Sources on Shipwreck/Underwater Archaeology Law and Preservation

(These sources are either from non-U.S. jurisdictions or predate the ASA)

Author Title Journal Pages Other Information
Attard, David The International Regime for the Protection of Archaeological and Historical Objects Found at Sea: A Mediterranean Perspective Journal of Mediterranean Studies 113-121 Vol.9(1) (1999)
Breen, C. and W. Forsythe Management and Protection of the Maritime Cultural Resources in Ireland Coastal Management 41-51 Vol.29(1) (2001)
Coolbaugh, Stephen P. Raiders of the Lost Sub? The Potential for Private Claims of Ownership to Military Shipwrecks in International Waters: The Case of the Japanese Submarine I-52 Buffalo Law Review 929- Vol.49 (2001)
Cottrell, Anne M. The Law of the Sea and International Marine Archaeology: Abandoning Admiralty Law to Protect Historic Shipwrecks Fordham International Law Journal 667- Vol.17 (1994)
Elia, R.J. Fate of the Titanic: Debate Concerning the Rate at Which the Famous Ship is Deteriorating Archaeology 16 Vol.54(2) (2001)
Fewster, K.J. and J.R. Valliant Titanic and the Ethical Position of the AAM on Shipwreck Salvage: Delving Beneath the Surface Museum News 29- Vol.76(3) (1997)
Giesecke, Anne G. Shipwrecks, States, and the Courts Archaeology 80 Vol.38(5) (1985)
Johnson, P.F. Titanic Ethics: AAM Policy on Salvaged Shipwrecks Museum News 7 Vol.76(3) (1997)
Joint Nautical Archaeology Policy Committee Heritage at Sea: Proposals for the Better Protection of British Arhcaeological Sites Underwater Antiquity 390-400 Vol.64(243) (1990)
Lyndell, V. Prott and Patrick J. O'Keefe Law and the Underwater Heritage UNESCO Courier 24 Vol.40(11) (1987)
Marx, R.F. The Disappearing Underwater Heritage Museum 9-10 Vol.35(1) (1983)
McKinlay, J.R. and Graeme J. Henderson The Protection of Historic Shipwrecks: A New Zealand Case Study in Archaeology Archaeology 48-51 Vol.38(6) (1985)
Momber, G. Reflections on the Legal Standing of Underwater Archaeology in the UK Underwater Technology 115-118 Vol.24(3) (2000)
Nicholson, Sean R. Mutiny As To the Bounty: International Law's Failing Preservation Efforts Regarding Shipwrecks and Their Artifacts Located in International Waters UMKC Law Review 135- Vol.66 (1997)
Oxley, Ian Towards the Integrated Management of Scotland's Cultural Heritage: Examining Historic Shipwrecks As Marine Environmental Resources World Archaeology 413-426 Vol.32(3) (2001)
Oxley, Ian Scapa Flow and the Protection and Management of Scotland's Historic Military Shipwrecks Antiquity 862-868 Vol.76(293) (2002)
Passamaneck, S.M. Shipwreck, Salvage, Expropriation and Rabbenu-Gershom Journal of Jewish Studies 57-74 Vol.29(1) (1978)
Pearson, C. Legislation for Protection of Shipwrecks in Western Australia International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 171-173 Vol.5(2) (1976)
Sinclair, J.J. Titanic's No Treasure Chest: Salvage of Artifacts From the Famous Shipwreck Archaeology 6-7 Vol.54(2) (2001)
Tibbetts, Pamela J. The Long Voyage of the Lusitania New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law 285- Vol.19 (1999)
Tomalin, D.J., P. Simpson, and J.M. Bingeman Excavation Versus Sustainability In-Situ: A Conclusion on Twenty-five Years of Archaeological Investigations At Goose Rock, A Designated Historic Wreck Site at the Needles, Isle of Wight, England International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 3-42 Vol.29(1) (2000)
Watters, David R. The Law of the Sea Treaty and Underwater Cultural Resources American Antiquity 808-816 Vol.48(4) (1983)
Wheeler, A.J. Environmental Controls on Shipwreck Preservation: The Irish Context Journal of Archaeological Science 1149-1159 Vol.29(10) (2002)
Zhao, H.G. Recent Developments in the Legal Protection of Historic Shipwrecks in China Ocean Development and International Law 305-333 Vol.23(4) (1992)

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Revised: November 04, 2003.