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Anthropological Ethics

Anthropological Ethical Codes

American Anthropological Association (AAA) Society for American Archaeology (SAA) Society for Historical Archaeology (SHA)
American Institute of Archaeology (AIA) Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA)
American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) Society for Applied Anthropology (SfAA) National Association for the Practice of Anthropology (NAPA)
Australian Anthropological Society (AAS) Australian Archaeological Association (AAA) Canadian Archaeological Association (CAA)

Books

Author Title Other Information
Cantwell, Anne-Marie, Eva Friedlander, and Madeline L. Tramm Ethics and Anthropology: Facing Future Issues in Human Biology, Globalism, and Cultural Property New York Academy of Sciences, 2000
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for a New Era University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for Ethically Conscious Practice, 2d ed. Altamira Press, 2003
Knudson, Ruth and Bennie C. Keel The Public Trust and the First Americans Oregon State University Press, 1995
Lynott, Mark J. and Alison Wylie Ethics in American Archaeology Society for American Archaeology, 1995
Lynott, Mark J. and Alison Wylie Ethics in American Archaeology (2d ed.) Society for American Archaeology, 2000
Shanks, Hershel Archaeology’s Publication Problem Biblical Archaeology Society, 1996
Shanks, Hershel Archaeology’s Publication Problem, Vol.2 Biblical Archaeology Society, 1999
Vitelli, K.D. Archaeological Ethics Altamira Press, 1996
White, Tim D. and Pieter Arend Folkens Human Osteology (2d ed.) pp.323-332 (ethics chapter)

Academic Press, 2000

  Journal Articles

Author Title Journal Pages Other Information
Albert, B. and A.R. Ramos Yanomami Indians and Anthropological Ethics Science 632 Vol.244(4905) (1989)
Anderson, R. Ethical Standards for Medical Anthropologists Consulting on Ethnomedicine Human Organization 484-487 Vol.55(4) (1996)
Baba, M.L. The 5th Subdiscipline: Anthropological Practice and the Future of Anthropology Human Organization 174-176 Vol.53(2) (1994)
Balgir, R.S. Academic Curricula of Anthropology Need Overhauling: An Observation Man In India 407-412 Vol.82(3-4) (2002)
Bawden, G. Seeking an Ethical Balance in Archaeological Practice in Ecuador - Comment Journal of Anthropological Research 183-185 Vol.50(2) (1994)
Bourgois, P. Confronting Anthropological Ethics: Ethnographic Lessons from Central America Journal of Peace Research 43-54 Vol.27(1) (1990)
Buccellati, G. Archaeology’s Publication Problems Near Eastern Archaeology 118- Vol.61 (1998)
Carson, Cindy A. Laser Bones: Copyright Issues Raised By the Use of Information Technology in Archaeology Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 281- Vol.10 (1997)
Chase, Arlen F., Diane Z. Chase, and H.W. Topsey Archaeology and the Ethics of Collecting Archaeology 56+/- 41(1) (1988)
Chatwin, M.E. Subtle Interaction 1st Degree, 2nd Degree, and 3rd Degree Ethics in Anthropology Human Organization 176-180 Vol.47(2) (1988)
Cohen, David L. Copyrighting the Dea Sea Scrolls: Qimron v. Shanks Maine Law Review 379- Vol.52 (2000)
Corfield, M. The Reshaping of Archaeological Metal Objects: Some Ethical Considerations Antiquity 261-265 Vol.62(235) (1988)
Crist, T.A.J. Bad to the Bone? Historical Archaeologists in the Practice of Forensic Science Historical Archaeology 39-56 Vol.35(1) (2001)
Evison, M.P. Genetics, Ethics, and Archaeology Antiquity 512-514 Vol.79(269) (1996)
Fewster, K.J. and J.R. Valliant Titanic and the Ethical Position of the AAM on Shipwreck Salvage: Delving Beneath the Surface Museum News 29- Vol.76(3) (1997)
Flecker, M. The Ethics, Politics, and Realities of Maratime Archaeology in Southeast Asia International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 12-24 Vol.31(1) (2002)
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn Informed Consent in Anthropological Research: We Are Not Exempt Human Organization 1-10 Vol.53(1) (1994)
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn How Anthropology Should Respond to an Ethical Crisis Chronicle of Higher Education B24- Vol.47 (2000)
Gordon, E.J. Trials and Tribulations of Navigating IRBs: Anthropological and Biomedical Perspectives of "Risk" in Conducting Human Subjects Research Anthropological Quarterly 299-320 Vol.76(2) (2003)
Halpern, J.M. Response to "Ethical Issues for Social Anthropologists: A North American Perspective on Long-Term Research in Mexico" Human Organization 327-328 Vol.57(3) (1998)
Hurtado, A.M. and K.R. Hill The Compromised Health of South American Indians: The Need for Study Under Ethical Rules Interciencia 166-170 Vol.26(4) (2001)
Johnston, P.F. Treasure Salvage, Archaeological Ethics, and Maratime Museums International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 53-60 Vol.22(1) (1993)
Johnson, P.F. Titanic Ethics: AAM Policy on Salvaged Shipwrecks Museum News 7 Vol.76(3) (1997)
Jones, D. Gareth and Robyn J. Harris Archaeological Human Remains: Scientific, Cultural, and Ethical Considerations Current Anthropology 253- Vol.39 (1998)
Joukowsky, Martha S. Ethics in Archaeology: An American Perspective Berytus 11-20 Vol.39 (1991)
Kaestle, F.A. and K.A. Horsburgh Ancient DNA in Anthropology: Methods, Applications, and Ethics Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 92-130 Vol.45 (2002)
Kemper, R.V. and A.P. Royce Ethical Issues for Social Anthropologists: A North American Perspective on Long-Term Research in Mexico Human Organization 479-483 Vol.56(4) (1997)
Klesert, Anthony L. and Shirley Powell A Perspective on Ethics and the Reburial Controversy American Antiquity 348-354 Vol.58(2) (1993)
Kohl, P.L. Nationalism and Archaeology: On the Constructions of Nations and the Reconstructions of the Remote Past Annual Review of Anthropology 223-246 Vol.27 (1998)
Lynott, Mark J. Ethical Principles and Archaeological Practice: Development of an Ethics Policy American Antiquity 589-599 Vol.62(4) (1997)
Manderson, L. and R.P. Wilson Negotiating with Communities: The Politics and Ethics of Research Human Organization 215-216 Vol.57(2) (1998)
Marshall, P.A. Human Subjects Protections, Institutional Review Boards, and Cultural Anthropological Research Anthropological Quarterly 269-285 Vol.76(2) (2003)
McGowan, G.S. and C.J. LaRoche The Ethical Dilemma Facing Conservation: Care and Treatment of Human Skeletal Remains and Mortuary Objects Journal of the American Institute of Conservation 109-121 Vol.35(2) (1996)
Menzies, Charles R. Reflections on Research With, For, and Among Indigenous Peoples Canadian Journal of Native Education 19- Vol.25 (2001)
Morse, M.A. Seeking an Ethical Balance in Archaeological Practice in Ecuador Journal of Anthropological Research 169-182 Vol.50(2) (1994)
Murphy, M.D. and A. Johannsen Ethical Obligations and Federal Regulations in Ethnographic Research and Anthropological Education Human Organization 127-134 Vol.49(2) (1990)
Pels, Peter Professions of Duplexity: A Prehistory of Ethical Codes in Anthropology Current Anthropology 101-136 Vol.40(2) (1999)
Pi-Sunyer, O. Ethical Issues for North American Anthropologists Conducting Research in Mexico: The National Dimension Human Organization 326-327 Vol.57(3) (1998)
Pyburn, K. Anne Native American Religion Versus Archaeological Science: A Pernicious Dichotomy Revisited Science and Engineering Ethics 355- Vol.5 (1999)
Rotroff, S.I. Archaeologists on Conservation: How Codes of Archaeological Ethics and Professional Standards Treat Conservation Journal of the American Institute of Conservation 137-146 Vol.40(2) (2001)
Royce, A.P. and R.V. Kemper Finding a Footing on the Moral High Ground: Connections, Interventions, and Ethical Implications Human Organization 328-330 Vol.57(3) (1998)
Sabloff, Jeremy A. Scientific Research, Museum Collections, and the Rights of Ownership Science and Engineering Ethics 347- Vol.5 (1999)
Salmon, M.H. Ethics in Science: Special Problems in Anthropology and Archaeology Science and Engineering Ethics 307- Vol.5 (1999)
Salmon, M.H. Relativist Ethics, Scientific Objectivity, and Concern for Human Rights Science and Engineering Ethics 311- Vol.5 (1999)
Salmon, M.H. Ethical Considerations in Anthropology and Archaeology, or Relativism and Justice for All Journal of Anthropological Research 47-63 Vol.53(1) (1997)
Saunders, N.J. Excavating Memories: Archaeology and the Great War, 1914-2001 Antiquity 101-108 Vol.76(291) (2002)
Sease, C. Conservation and the Antiquities Trade: Archaeology, Looting, Ethics Journal of the American Institute of Conservation 49-58 Vol.36(1) (1997)
Seidemann, Ryan M. Authorship and Control: Ethical and Legal Issues of Student Research in Archaeology Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology 451- Vol. 14 (2004)
Singer, M., E. Huertas, and G. Scott Am I My Brother's Keeper? A Case Study of the Responsibilities of Research Human Organization 389-400 Vol.59(4) (2000)
Smith, S. General Insight Into Vessel Glass Conservation and Its Ethics Glass Technology 63-64 Vol.42(3) (2001)
Society for American Archaeology Society for American Archaeology Principles of Archaeological Ethics American Antiquity 451- Vol.61 (1996)
Thomas, R. Drowning in Data? - Publication and Rescue Archaeology in the 1990s Antiquity 822- Vol.65 (1991)
Thompson, T. Legal and Ethical Considerations of Forensic Anthropological Research Science and Justice 261-270 Vol.41(4) (2001)
Valentine, D. 'The Calculus of Pain': Violence, Anthropological Ethics, and the Category Transgender Ethnos 27-48 Vol.68(1) (2003)
Waldrum, J.B. Anthropology in Prison: Negotiating Consent Accountability with a "Captured" Population Human Organization 238-244 Vol.57(2) (1998)
Watkins, J. Conflicting Codes: Professional, Ethical, and Legal Obligations in Archaeology Science and Engineering Ethics 337- Vol.5 (1999)
Watkins, J. Ethics and Value Conflicts: An Examination of Archaeologists' Responses to Questionnaire Scenarios Plains Anthropologist 95-106 Vol.44(170) (1999)
Wilk, R.R. Whose Forest? Whose Land? Whose Ruins? Ethics and Conservation Science and Engineering Ethics 367- Vol.5 (1999)
Williams, E.D. and J.D. Crews From Dust to Dust: Ethical and Practical Issues Involved in the Location, Exhumation, and Identification of Bodies from Mass Graves Croatian Medical Journal 251-258 Vol.44(3) (2003)
Wood, John J. and Shirley Powell An Ethos for Archaeological Practice Human Organization 405-413 Vol.52(4) (1993)
Wylie, Alison Science, Conservation, and Stewardship: Evolving Codes of Conduct in Archaeology Science and Engineering Ethics 319- Vol.5 (1999)

  Chapters In Books

Author Title Book Title Pages Other Information
Aviram, J. Toward a New Start Archaeology’s Publication Problem   1996
Ben-Tor, A. Why Publication Takes So Long Archaeology’s Publication Problem   1996
Berreman, Gerald D. Ethics Versus "Realism" in Anthropology Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for a New Era 36-71 1991
Berreman, Gerald D. Ethics Versus "Realism" in Anthropology: Redux Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology, 2d ed. 51-84 2003
Bruce, Beverlee Working Toward an Ethical Anthropology: Where Do We Go From Here? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 187-195 Vol.925 (2000)
Cantwell, Anne-Marie "Who Knows the Power of His Bones": Reburial Redux Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 79-119 Vol.925 (2000)
Cantwell, Anne-Marie, Eva Friedlander, and Madeleine L. Tramm Ethics and Anthropology: Facing Future Issues in Human Biology, Globalism, and Cultural Property -- Introduction Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences viii-xx Vol.925 (2000)
Chambers, Erve Acceptable Behaviors: The Evolving Ethos of Ethics Talk Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for a New Era 153-174 1991
Chippindale, Christopher Commercialization: The Role of Archaeological Laboratories and Collectors Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 87-90 2000
Chippindale, Christopher The Concept of the Commons Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 91-92 2000
Chippindale, Christopher and David M. Pendergast Intellectual Property: Ethics, Knowledge, and Publication Ethics in American Archaeology   1995
Chippindale, Christopher and David M. Pendergast Intellectual Property: Ethics, Knowledge, and Publication Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 52-56 2000
Comitas, Lambros Ethics in Anthropology: Dilemmas and Conundrums Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 196-210 Vol.925 (2000)
Crespi, Muriel and Carla Mattix Negotiating Ethical and Legal Mazes in the Federal Workplace Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 120-145 Vol.925 (2000)
Disotell, Todd R. Molecular Anthropology and Race Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 9-24 Vol.925 (2000)
Elia, Ricardo J. A Comment Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 84-86 2000
Fagan, Brian Archaeology’s Dirty Secret Archaeological Ethics   1996
Fagan, Brian The Arrogant Archaeologist Archaeological Ethics   1996
Fagan, Brian Archaeology’s Dirty Secret Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 102-104 2000
Fagan, Brian The Arrogant Archaeologist Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 100-101 2000
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn Ethics and Professionalism: A Review of Issues and Principles within Anthropology Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for a New Era 13-35 1991
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn Ethics and Anthropology in the 1990s and Beyond Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for a New Era 211-236 1991
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn Globalization of Research and International Standards of Ethics in Anthropology Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 37-44 Vol.925 (2000)
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn Ethics and Anthropology 1890-2000: A Review of Issues and Principles Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology, 2d ed. 1-28 2003
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn Darkness in El Dorado: Research Ethics, Then and Now Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology, 2d ed. 85-106 2003
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn Informed Consent in Anthropological Research: We Are Not Exempt Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology, 2d ed. 159-178 2003
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn Dialogue for Ethically Conscious Practice Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology, 2d ed. 225-246 2003
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn, Pualani Kanaká Ole Kanehele, and Jennifer H. Antes Repatriation of Indigenous Hawaiian Cultural Property by the City of Providence: A Case Study in Politics and Applied Law Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology, 2d ed. 141-158 2003
Fox, Richard G. Hearing Where We're Coming From -- Ethically and Professionally Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1-8 Vol.925 (2000)
Frankel, Barbara and M.G. Trend Principles, Pressures, and Paychecks: The Anthropologist as Employee Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for a New Era 175-197 1991
Frichner, Tonya G. A Personal Statement Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 78 Vol.925 (2000)
Gilbert, M. Jean, Nathaniel Tashima, and Claudia C. Fishman Ethics and Practicing Anthropologists’ Dialogue with the Larger World: Considerations in the Formulation of Ethical Guidelines for Practicing Anthropologists Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for a New Era 198-210 1991
Goldstein, Lynne The Potential for Future Relations Between Archaeologists and Native Americans Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 118-125 2000
Graves, III, William and Mark A. Shields Rethinking Moral Responsibility in Fieldwork: The Situated Negotiation of Research Ethics in Anthropology and Sociology Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for a New Era 130-152 1991
Hakken, David Anthropological Ethics in the 1990s: A Positive Approach Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for a New Era 72-94 1991
Hakken, David Ethical Issues in the Ethnography of Cyberspace Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 170-186 Vol.925 (2000)
Hakken, David An Ethics for an Anthropology in and of Cyberspace Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology, 2d ed. 179-196 2003
Halsey, John R. "State Secrets": The Protection and Management of Archaeological Site Information in Michigan Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for a New Era 115-129 1991
Hamilton, Christopher E. A Cautionary Perspective Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 64-70 2000
Harrison, Faye V. Facing Racism and the Moral Responsibility of Human Rights Knowledge Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 45-69 Vol.925 (2000)
Herscher, Ellen, and Francis P. McMannamon Public Education and Outreach: The Obligation to Educate Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 49-51 2000
Jelks, Edward B. Professionalism and the Society of Professional Archaeologists Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 19-21 2000
Johnson, Elden Professional Responsibilities and the American Indian Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 22-24 2000
Kingsolver, Ann, et al. Teaching Anthropological Ethics at the University of South Carolina: An Example of Critical Ethical Dialogues Across Communities Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology, 2d ed. 197-224 2003
Knudson, Ruth The Public Trust and Archaeological Stewardship The Public Trust and the First Americans   1995
Lane, Sandra D., Robert A. Rubinstein, Don Cibula, and Noah Webster Towards a Public Health Approach to Bioethics Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 25-36 Vol.925 (2000)
Levy, Janet The Ethics Code of the American Anthropological Association and Its Relevance for the SAA Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 93-99 2000
Lipe, William In Defense of Digging: Archaeological Preservation as a Means, Not an End Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 113-117 2000
Lipe, William and Vincas P. Steponaitis SAA to Promote Professional Standards Through ROPA Sponsorship Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 107-109 2000
Lynott, Mark J. Ethical Principles and Archaeological Practice: Development of an Ethics Policy Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 26-34 2000
Lynott, Mark J. and V.P. Steponaitis Training Students in Archaeological Ethics Teaching Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century   2000 (Society for Amercan Archaeology)
Lynott, Mark J. and Alison Wylie Stewardship: The Central Principle of Archaeological Ethics Ethics in American Archaeology   1995
Lynott, Mark J. and Alison Wylie Stewardship: The Central Principle of Archaeological Ethics Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 35-39 2000
McGimsey, III, Charles R. Standards, Ethics, and Archaeology: A Brief History Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 16-18 2000
Meskell, Lynn The Practice and Politics of Archaeology in Egypt Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 146-169 Vol.925 (2000)
Messenger, Phyllis M. Public Education and Outreach Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 75-77 2000
Messenger, Phyllis M., et al. Teaching Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century: Thoughts on Postgraduate Education / Professional Development Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 110-112 2000
Morenon, E. Pierre Nagged by NAGPRA: Is There and Archaeological Ethic? Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology, 2d ed. 107-140 2003
Murphy, Larry E., Mary C. Beuadry, Richard E.W. Adams, and James A. Brown Commercialization: Beyond the Law or Above It? Ethics and the Selling of the Archaeological Record Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 45-48 2000
Parezo, Nancy J. and Don D. Fowler Archaeological Records Preservation: An Ethical Obligation Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 57-62 2000
Price, David Anthropology Sub Rosa: The CIA, AAA, and the Ethical Problems Inherent in Secret Research Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology, 2d ed. 29-50 2003
Pyburn, K. Anne and Richard R. Wilk Responsible Archaeology is Applied Anthropology Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 78-83 2000
Silverman, Sydel Ethical Dilemmas: What's New, What's Not Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 211-215 Vol.925 (2000)
Szkult, Jay and Robert R. Reed Community Anonymity in Anthropological Research: A Reassessment Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology: Dialogue for a New Era 97-114 1991
Tzaferis, V. Recognizing Limitations and Making Choices Archaeology’s Publication Problem, Vol. 2   1999
Watkins, Joe, Lynne Goldstein, Karen D. Vitelli, and Leigh Jenkins Accountability: Responsibilities of Archaeologists to Other Interest Groups Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 40-44 2000
Wylie, Alison Ethical Dilemmas in Archaeological Practice: Looting, Repatriation, Stewardship, and the (Trans)formation of Disciplinary Identity Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 138-157 2000
Yellowhorn, Eldon Indians, Archaeology, and the Changing World Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 126-137 2000
Yoon, Soon-Young If Anthropology is Global, Then So Are Its Ethical Dilemmas Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 70-77 Vol.925 (2000)
Zimmerman, Larry Regaining Our Nerve: Ethics, Values, and the Transformation of Archaeology Ethics in American Archaeology, 2d ed. 71-74 2000

  Conference Presentations

Author Title Conference Location Date
Fry, E.I. Ethics and the Physical Anthropologist American Association of Physical Anthropologists   1979
Turner, T.R. Ethical Concerns in Biological Anthropology: Introduction to the Symposium American Association of Physical Anthropologists   2001

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Revised: January 28, 2007.